A Author's
translation - this is the most reliable kind of
translation, because nobody but the author knows the details of the original
text best. Adequacy
of a translation - re-construction of unity of
form and content of the original text by means of another language. Analysis - in the process of translation the consecutive division
of the text (utterance) into simple independent indivisible notional parts for
discovering logical connections between them. Analysis
of the text - stylistic analysis and interpretation of
the text in the lessons for studying foreign language as a tutorial method. Annotative
translation - a kind of translation that consists of
annotation of the original text in another language. Annotation - a brief characteristics of a primary document that renders its content
in maximum generalized form and sometimes makes its evaluation. Aspect
of the language -one of the constituent elements of the
language. At present the following aspects of the language are distinguished: phonetics,
lexicon, grammar, cultural linguistics. Auditory
perception -listening comprehension and understanding
of speech. Activity - Human activity connected with usage of language is
called language activity. Addition - Additions are necessary when some meaning from the original text is
rendered by different means that cannot be used in the original language. Aim of
theory of translation - discovery of essence of
translation, its mechanisms, ways of its realization that influence it and
regulate its norms. Aim of
literary translation - to introduce a literary work
in a foreign language to the audience not knowing that foreign language. Accurate
translation - translation is characterized by semantic
accuracy. B Bilingual - A person who speaks two languages perfectly. Bilingualism - speaking two languages with equal ease. There is
distinguished natural and artificial bilingualism. C Conventionally
loan situation - a translation situation that provides for
mutually monosemantic information. Category
of text - certain details of systemic organization of a text. Convergence - approach, similarity, likeness. Consultant - a translator and a professional linguist helping
different specialists with his/her knowledge. Continuity
of simultaneous interpretation - continuity and inner
coherence in work of a simultaneous interpreter. Criticism
of translation - a separate branch of literary critical
approach to the analysis of text of translation. Contextual
theory of translation - contextual theory of
translation exceeds the scope of interlingual transformations and suggests
resorting to reality. Complications
of translation - translation is a complicated kind of
intellectual activity, and its complication in different fields increases. Contracted
translation - a text translated in a shortened way
compared to the original. Comparative
linguistics - a branch of linguistics which has an aim
of comparative study of two languages for finding their similarities and
differences at all levels of the language structure. Comparative
analysis of texts in translation - based upon comparison of
existing phenomena in different languages. Cliché - a ready language formula, which has significantly lost
its initial meaning and has a positive or a negative tone. Clarity
of translation - an indicator of quality of translation
that characterises the clarity of presentation in a translated text. Code - There are distinguished an outgoing subjective code and code of the
translated text. Code of
the original text - the language of the original
text. Code of
the translated text - the language of translation. To
code - to convert information from one code system into
another. D Double
language proficiency (bilingualism) - equal
proficiency in two languages. Decoding
(to decode) - to convert any information from the
coding system of the initial source into the coding system of source dubbing
and/or addressee. Decompression - introduction of extra words or sentences to the
translation. Denotation - A fragment of reality denoted by a certain message.
The same as referent. Determinants
of translation - language system, language norm, literary
tradition, national cultural tradition, lap of time. Dictation-translation - one of practice exercises in foreign language study
lessons. Discourse - an optional text fragment consisting of more then one
sentence or an independent part of the sentence. Differentiation - restriction of meaning in translation. Discrepancy - fragments of outgoing or translated text, containing
not rendered or extra information. Dictionary - a collection of words set in alphabetical order, with
description, commentary or translation into another language. E Equivalence
of translation - a maximal identity of all notional levels
of the original text and its translation. Equivalent
compliance -a variant of translation when a meaning of
a word fully coincides in two languages. Equivalent
translation - a translation performed at the level
necessary and sufficient for rendering of permanent plane of content. Execution
of a translation - a final arrangement of the
translated text. A translation might be executed in a written or verbal way. F Factors
defining the complexity of simultaneous interpretation - psychophysical discomfort arising from the necessity to listen and speak
at the same time. Forms
of translation - written translation and interpretation;
their variants: translation from writing, bilateral translation, consecutive
interpretation, simultaneous interpretation. Functional
equivalence of translation -is based upon defining of
functions of interaction of text elements by comparison of reaction of text
recipient with that to the text in the original language. Foreign
speech -a speech in foreign language. Utterances of other
people included in the text by a certain author. G Generalization - substitution of a translated word having a narrow specific meaning with
a foreign-language equivalent having broader and generalized meaning. Generalization
of a notion - a method of translation containing conversion
from a specific to a generic term. Glossary - an explanatory dictionary of obsolete and little used
words and expressions found in some antique literary work. Grammar - Grammar composition of the language. Description of
grammar composition of the language. H History
of translation -a discipline researching the position,
role and evolution of translation under conditions of communication development
between people. History
of translation activity -a discipline of science about
translation that researches the conditions of formations of requirements for
translation and translator in different historical eras. I Idiolect - a complex of personal peculiarities characterizing the
language of a certain person. Idiomatic
expression -a set expression, which meaning isn't
motivated by its constituent words. Invariant
in translation - an invariant is the information that
should remain unchanged in the process of translation. Invariant
in simultaneous interpretation -the most informative
part of the message concerning its semantics and meaning. Invariant
of translation - a total of functional characteristics of
the text or its communicative goal. Invariant
of a massage -a permanent notional essence of a message
that remains unchanged. Interpretation - a translation including engaging linguistic data. Interpretation
(verbal translation) -a notion incorporating all kinds
of translation and providing for verbal execution. Interpretation
by listening - verbal translation of a text perceived by
listening. It comprises two important kinds of professional interpretation:
consecutive and simultaneous. Image
of situation - a product of learning, understanding,
description and transformation of a situation in communicative act. K Kinds
of translation - fictional translation and specialized
translation. Kinds
of linguistic activity -writing, reading, utterance,
listening, translation. Kinds
of equivalence -there are five kinds of equivalence:
denotative, connotative, textual normative, pragmatic, formal. L Loan
(word) - a loan gained through word-for-word translation of a
word or a word-combination. Loan
translation - Translation by parts with their
consecutive combination in a complex. Lexicon - the total of words of a language, its word stock. Lexicography - a branch of linguistics dealing with theory and
practice of making dictionaries. Lexicography
of translation - a new developing branch of linguistics. Lexicology - a branch of linguistics for research of lexicon of the
language. Lexicon
(vocabulary) an explanatory dictionary of mostly
narrowly used words from a specific field of knowledge. Linguistics
of the text - a branch of linguistics for research of
principles of text composition and structure. Logical
and semantic characteristic - a logical expression of a
semantic meaning. Literalism - A translator's mistake that is the result of
correspondence of formal or semantic components of two languages. Laconicism
of a translation - an indicator of quality of
translation that characterises the brevity of form of initial text rendering;
absence of word redundancy. Levels
of equivalence of translation -there are five so called
levels of equivalence where the two first (the level of words and word
combinations and the level of sentence) correlate with direct interlanguage
transformations and the other allow quite loose interpretation of content of
the translated text on the basis of wider context. Literary
(belles-lettres) translation - a kind of translation
functioning in the field of belles-letters literature. Literary
text - an individual literary work, written in a certain
style; an integral unit within the system of texts of similar kind. Language
of the original -a language of the text that shall be
translated. M Macro
translation - translation shift, that means transfer
from one linguistic level to another or from one category to another. Meta language of translation -this is a complex of
structural linguistic characteristics, allowing describing the process of
translation quite completely. Method
of notation - a method of consecutive translation, which
provides the usage of notation as backup means of memory. Method
of translation -method of translation is not a fixed
principle existing in reality but a purposeful system of interconnected devices
considering kind and way of translation. Method
of text segmentation - one of methods of written
translation, consisting of division of the initial test into segment that
creates key notional points for execution of translation. Method
of transformation -used in the system of notations
in consecutive interpretation, when several words are transformed into a more
convenient unit. Method
of transformation -lexical, syntactical and
semantic transformations. Methodology
of translation -a total of methods and devices of
practical activity of a translator received in course of translation education. Micro
translation -rendering of lexical units and grammatical
forms. Motivation - a need in some act or activity. Medium
of information - a representative of any language
community. Monolingual
dictionary - a dictionary where all information isrendered by means of a single language. N Neologisms - translation of neologisms is often connected with
creation of new language matches, language terms in the language of
translation. Non-translability - Non-translatable
units are translated due to the ability of a translator to use different
methods of translation. O Omission - reduction and compression of a text by omission of
semantically redundant elements of the source text. Original
test - a source text of a translation. A text from which the
translation is made. Orientation
of a translator in a source text -a process of obtaining
information needed for making decision about the meaning content of the text. P Peculiarities
of translation of military materials - in military
translation accuracy of translation is very important. Phraseological
variant - a figurative phraseological unit in the language of
translation that corresponds to the meaning of the phraseological unit in the
original text. Pattern - a standard, a sample blindly imitated. Q Quality
of translation - an estimation factor of a ready
translation that is defined by accuracy, quality and literariness of a
translated text. R Re-construction - in the process of translation, the completion of
utterance or writing in the language of translation. S Semantically
adequate translation - a translation rendering
denotative meaning of a source utterance and complying with the norms of the
language of translation. Semantic
literalism - a mistake of a translator that is the
result of rendering of word or word combination semantic components not
including other factors. Syntactic
replacement: -rendering of part of a sentence of a
translated text by anothersyntactic
construction. Simultaneous
reading of a text translated in advance - a
translator reads a previously prepared written text of a translation, adapting
to the speech of a speaker. Simultaneous
interpretation - a verbal interpretation of a message from
one language into another, performed by an interpreter of a message along with
a translated text. Simultaneous
interpretation by listening -Simultaneous aural interpretation is usually called simultaneous interpretation proper. Simultaneous
interpretation from the sheet -An interpreter performs interpretation on the
basis of the written text of a speech previously given to him/her, adjusting
themselves to the speech of a speaker, and making necessary amendments. Special
theories of translation -areas of theory of translation
defined by functional and communicative field of translator's activity that
include forms of translation, kinds and genres of translation. Stylistic
modification - replacement in the process of translation
of elements of the utterance that belong to one functional style with the
elements of another style. Stylistic
aspect of translation -consists of correct selection
of lexico-grammatical means. Structure
of the translator's activity -a succession or any
other system of translation actions. Structure
of translation -a certainly organized schematic expression
of really existing notional relations in translation. Sources
of the translator's information - they are divided into
general, used by all translators, and specialized, used by technical
translators mostly. Specification - a translation device which means that the translated
unit is more specific then the original one. Science
about translation - this science researches a
special kind of the linguistic activity -- translation. Source - a participant of a communicative act being a source of
a message for translation. The source is an author of a source text. Specialized
translation - the translation of materials of a certain
field of knowledge with its terminological nomenclature. Simplified
translation - a translation where the text is made
stylistically uniform, this is a higher level of translation compared to
interlinear translation. Stages
of translator's activity - a procedure of handling
information of the original. T Text of
translation - a real utterance, a sentence said or
written by a translator or a combination of sentences of any length. Texts
in translation -there is a source text designated for
translation (the original); a translated text resulting from translation is a
derivative text. Theory
of correspondence -a theory based upon a
statement that a translated text always contains some information that is
absent in the source text. Theory
of translation -a logically motivated model of bi-lingual
communication. Technique
of translation -a sum of professional methods used in
process of translational activity. Technical
translation - a translation used for exchange of
specialized scientific and technical information between people speaking
different languages. Traditional
translation - a translation done by a translator who is
not the author of the original text. Transcribing - a record of words of any language with special symbols
that is used for rendering peculiarities of pronunciation of these words. Transcription: a translation method
based upon phonetic principle. Training
translation -usually used for training and
methodological purpose. Translation
of the whole text -translation of a text without
focusing on separate words, sentences or paragraphs. U Universal
translational notation -a variant of system of
notation and symbols for recording information in the process of consecutive
interpretation. Utterance - a range of symbols specially selected, combined due to certain rules
and set in a certain order. Units
of translation -a language unit requiring an independent
translation solution. V Valency - an ability of a linguistic unit to syntactic relations with other
linguistic units. Variant - a formal alteration of a linguistic unit as one of the acceptable ways
of its expression. Verbal
to written translation - the same as verbal
interpretation by listening. Verbal
to verbal interpretation -the same as verbal
interpretation by listening. W Way of
translation - a way of translation is defined as an
objective pattern of transferring from one language into another.
